Pope John Paul II indicates that people sometimes say they don't know how to pray. "How to pray? This is a simple matter. I would say: Pray any way you like, so long as you do pray." You can pray the way your mother taught you; you can use a prayer book. Sometimes it takes courage to pray; but it is possible to pray, and necessary to pray. Whether from memory or a book or just in thought, it is all the same. See, John Paul II, The Way of Prayer, Crossroad Publishing Co. (1995). See also The Necessity of Prayer, by St. Alphonsus.

Last change: 5/6/03

Contents of this page:

classic texts of catholic spirituality and prayer

mindfulness through controlled breathing

saints

Scripture on prayer and Bible Passages on Prayer

methods: mass, Liturgy of the hours, Lectio Divina, prayer without ceasing, Rosary, litanies etc.

meditationLord's Prayer

contemplation

time and place for prayer

Getting started

Prayer Requests

Pages at our site:

A Short Catechism on Prayer

Prayers for PeaceThe Name of Jesus as Prayer

Some sayings of the Fathers of Orthodox Christianity
(For information on how catholics value orthodox spirituality see below.)
 
Spiritual Beginning - Care for the inner self.
 
Come into God's Presence. and Prayer without Ceasing.
Death and Heaven
Prayer of Clement, Bishop of Rome and Being devoted to God
Prayer for the New Millennium
Prayer when death comes.
Blessed Columba Marmion, O.S.B. on Prayer.
 
The Stations of the Cross.
(You can also read these stations without frames and graphics.
Shorter Meditation on the stations of the Cross
and Newman's Longer Meditations on the Cross.)
 Also, you can view a version of the Stations with Black and White graphics and no frames,
Or just look at the black and white graphics.
 
Prayer before Confession.
 
Tertullian: Prayer can conquer God.
Prayer of St. John Gabriel
St. John Chrysostom: Prayer of Longing.
Prayer to obtain final perseverance and Various useful official prayers
 
The Psalms: The Prayer Book of God.
A shorter introduction to the Psalms is from My Daily Psalm Book,
a Prayer Guide for the Psalms, part one, and part two.
The Blessing Psalter from the Orthodox Tradition.
 
A Scriptural Prayer to Aid Prayer.
 
An Eight Day Meditation by John Cardinal Newman and
A Short Road to Perfection. Also, Prayer for the Faithful Departed.
 
The Value of Morning Prayer and specific prayers useful at morning prayer. Anglican Morning Prayers.
A Description of Traditional Daily Catholic Prayers - Vocal Prayer. - The Sign of the Cross
A short form of daily prayer (Episcopal).
The Value of Evening Prayer
Night Prayer from the Key of Heaven (Imprimatur 1924).
Evening Prayers from My Prayer Book, 1908.
 
Prayers for various needs from the Lutheran Church
Why say Amen by Luther. and Luther on the Lord's Prayer
 
A Personal Prayer
Abandonment (an excerpt) by de Cassade
A brief description of how to contemplate.
A martyr because of the sign of the Cross.
The Rosary
Anglican Prayers for the Sick
 The School of Prayer (from the Methodist Church)
 Scripture and prayer relative to the Sept. 11, 2001 terrorist attacks.
 
Devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus
Litanies Listed, Described and Explained
 
Prayer with the Saints
Prayer for Priests - Prayer for faithfulness to religion.
St. Alphonsus de Liguori - prayers and spiritual texts
St. Augustine, Prayer is from the heart.
 

A Layperson's Ritual
A Blessing of Anything (for laypeople)
A Blessing of Houses
Prayer when visiting the Sick
Prayer when visiting the Dying
Prayer when death is near.
A Burial Service for Adults
Baptism for the Dying
Viaticum - the Last Sacrament
 

The following pages are from a 1908 prayer book:

Scriptural Maxims, Spiritual Food

Prayers to Honor the Savior,and Litany of the Passion,
Prayer for Travelers, and Prayer for a Happy Death
Pope Clement XI's Universal Prayer, Invocations - Short Prayers, the Litany of the Name of Jesus and Devotions to the Angels.
Vocal Prayer - About Short Prayer - The Sacrifice of the Mass - Prayers to the Holy Spirit
 
JesusArt as a Source of Meditation.
"All the damned have been lost by not praying; had they prayed, they would not have been lost." St. Alphonsus. See, Catechism of the Catholic Church sec. 2744, and Admonitions.
Classic Texts of the Catholic Tradition on Spirituality and Prayer:

1. The Confessions of St. Augustine is at New Advent, also an extensive list of his other works are available at their section on Fathers of the Church. More material can be found at the Augustine site. Images of St. Augustine. (They also have a neat drawing.)

2. The Cloud of Unknowing is at the Christian Classics Electronic Library. It is a classic text on contemplative prayer.

3. The legacy of St. Francis of Assisi, including the Little Flowers of St. Francis. There is a Franciscan Web Page. Be sure to look at the short biography of St. Francis. In addition, a large number of historical documents are linked to the Franciscan Archive. You can see more about Francis at our page, St. Francis Preaches to the Birds.

4. Juliana of Norwich: Revelations of Divine Love.

5. St. Catherine of Sienna: The Dialogue. This includes a treatise on Prayer.

6. The Imitation of Christ. It has been asserted that this book has been the most important text, other than the bible, in the Western Church in the last five centuries. For something on prayer, look at chapter 30 of book III.

7. St. John of the Cross: The Ascent of Mt. Carmel. John was a Discalced Carmelite.

8. St. Teresa of Avila: Interior Castle. Teresa was also a Discalced Carmelite.

9. St. Francis de Sales: Introduction to the Devout Life. It has been reprinted by Tan Books. See Come into God's Presence for an excerpt.

10. Br. Lawrence: The Practice of the Presence of God.

11. St. Louis de Montfort: True Devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary. An audio tape of this book is available from St. Ignatius Press.

12. Jean-Pierre de Caussade: Abandonment to Divine Providence. You may view some quotes from his work.

13. St. Therese of Lisieux: Story of a Soul. Her autobiography is available commercially through amazon.com. you can also view the online list of Carmelite Liturature.

14. The Rule of St. Benedict is a way of life and prayer that has served great numbers of Christians through the centuries. A general description of the rule is given by +Abbot Primate Jerome Theisen OSB. The Rule of St. Benedict itself can be useful to modern lay people for insight into the spiritual life. For example, see chapters 19 and 20 on reverence in prayer. The Rule is also available arranged for daily reading. (A brief general presentation of Monastic spirituality is at the Christ in the Desert Site. Also see below on Lectio Devina.)

15. The Spiritual Exercises by St. Ignatius of Loyola. For more on the Spiritual Exercises see below. St. Ignatius founded the Jesuits. You can look at links to Jesuit Resources on the web. There is a short life of St. Ignatius on line, in the 1913 version of the Catholic Encyclopedia. Be sure to look at the material on Jesuit Spirituality.

16. The Catechism of the Catholic Church which has an extensive section on prayer. It can not be said that the Catechism has been a classic for centuries but it draws on centuries of teaching and prayer.

Other useful texts.

From the Russian Orthodox tradition: The Way of the Pilgrim, which describes how to satisfy St. Paul's command to pray constantly using the Jesus Prayer. For an excerpt see Pray without Ceasing. Search for The Way of the Pilgrim at Amazon.com.

From the ancient eastern desert hermits and monks there are the Sayings of the Desert Fathers. For example, Abbe Xanthios said, "A dog is better than I am, for he has love and he does not judge." Also St. John of the Ladder said, "Do not be surprised that you fall every day; do not give up, but stand your ground courageously. And assuredly, the angel who guards you will honor your patience." This saying is found in the Sayings of the Fathers. For a good commercial text see the compilation by Merton called the Wisdom of the Desert. Finally there are Stories from the Desert Fathers at Seeking God.

For links to material on Spirituality see that section of Theology Library; also, the valuable list of Internet Theology Resources on Spirituality from St. John's University. A discussion of prayer is in the Summa Theologica of St. Thomas Aquinas. Be sure to see Awakening to Prayer, an online book by Ichiro Okumura, OCD, from the Carmelites.
 
Be sure to look at the texts that are on-line at Christian Classics Electronic Library. There are a number of interesting texts, such as Dante, Milton, and G. K. Chesterton in addition to other protestant and catholic authors.
For a comprehensive list of Mystics and links about them see Who's Who in the History of Mysticism. and the Web site of Unknowing, celebrating the English mystics.
[For general book sellers online: In addition to Amazon.com, another place to look for books is Powell's in Portland, Or. They have a city block sized store full of one million new, used and out of print books in stock. You can browse their catalog online. An interesting source for books is http://landru.i-link-2.net/shnyves/www.AddALL.com. A search for used books on Catholic Prayer returned a large number some of which were a couple of dollars and others were thousands of dollars. Check it out. For out of print books see BookFinder.com or Trussel. Other major regional book stores include Seattle's University Book Store, which serves the University of Washington. Another good place to go is Barnes and Noble. You can look for other stores on the Book Web.] (Back to contents?)
 
The Saints
We can ask any person in heaven, any saint, to join us in prayer.
This includes our relatives who have gone before us.

We do not pray to the saints in the sense that they have any power of their own. We ask them to pray with us to God, just as I can ask you to pray with me to God. We do assume that they can hear us, and, because they are with God, and lived very good holy lives, we feel their prayers joined to ours will be powerful. God would be inclined to listen to such good people who are close to him. However, we do not think it is necessary or essential to pray to saints. Our one mediator is Jesus who is the bridge between us and God. He is really the essential conduit. However, we venerate saints, which is not to say that we give them adoration or honor due to God alone. It means we honor them as people who successfully cooperated with God's grace in this life and are among the great cloud of witnesses in heaven. [See sec. 2683 of the catechism.]They succeeded in Christian life. They say to us that we can succeed too if we persevere. They are fully totally human and their lives give us hope for ourselves, that we too in our own time and place can do God's will successfully.

 

For Catholic teaching on the saints see Cardinal Gibbons on prayer to the saints. For traditional material see the Council of Trent. For Papal documents issued on individual saints see Theology Library. And the current Catholic Catechism:

 
"828 By canonizing some of the faithful, i.e., by solemnly pro claiming that they practiced heroic virtue and lived in fidelity to God's grace, the Church recognizes the power of the Spirit of holiness within her and sustains the hope of believers by proposing the saints to them as models and intercessors. 'The saints have always been the source and origin of renewal in the most difficult moments in the Church's history.' Indeed, 'holiness is the hidden source and infallible measure of her apostolic activity and missionary zeal.'" See also the communion of saints.

956. "The intercession of the SAINTS. 'Being more closely united to Christ, those who dwell in heaven fix the whole Church more firmly in holiness.... They do not cease to intercede with the Father for us, as they proffer the merits which they acquired on earth through the one mediator between God and men, Christ Jesus.... So by their fraternal concern is our weakness greatly helped.'[LG 49; cf. 1 Tim 2:5 .]

Do not weep, for I shall be more useful to you after my death and I shall help you then more effectively than during my life.[St. Dominic, dying, to his brothers.]

I want to spend my heaven in doing good on earth.[St. Therese of Lisieux, The Final Conversations, tr. John Clarke (Washington: ICS, 1977), 102.]" Communion of Heaven and Earth.

"1192 Sacred images in our churches and homes are intended to awaken and nourish our faith in the mystery of Christ. Through the icon of Christ and his works of salvation, it is he whom we adore. Through sacred images of the holy Mother of God, of the angels and of the saints, we venerate the persons represented." See Catholic Teaching on Relgious Art.
To encourage veneration of the saints the church grants a partial indulgence if we pray the oration (the opening prayer) given in the missal for the feast day of the saint, or any other officially approved prayer invoking the saint. The prayer must be said on the feast day.
 

Reading about the Saints can be very helpful to the spiritual life. In addition to their written works, we can learn from their lives. These are the people who were successful, often in spite of great difficulty. There isIcon of St. Phillip an excellent page of material about saints and individual saints at The Theological Library Saints Page. You can look up specific saints at the New Advent Supersite. You can also try the extensive listings at the Catholic Online Saints & Angels site. Take a look at the list of new Blesseds, who are only one step from canonization. Note the page on lesser known saints, and saints canonized by Pope JohnPaul II, and those he has beatified. There is a list of Patron Saints and a page of Saints for the Teenage Soul. Check the material and prayers at the Feast of All Saints web site. See also, Bible Passages on Mary, the Mother of God.

(The icon of St. Philip was obtained from The Icon Archive .)
 
American Saints
 

There are some very interesting new people now, including Americans, such as Bl. Junipero Serra who founded the California Missions, and Bl. Kateri Tekakwitha, a native American, Bl. Damien the Leper [i.e. Bl. Damien de Veuster], and St. Juan Diego to whom the Blessed Mother appeared in Mexico. (See also the page on Our Lady of Guadalupe.) Among those recently declared venerable is Pierre Toussaint, a black New Yorker from Haiti, who was freed from slavery in NY in 1807.

St. Elizabeth Ann Seton: Wife, mother, convert, foundress

St. Frances Xavier Cabrini: missionary, foundress

St. John Neumann: Redemptorist, Bishop of Philidelphia

St. Katharine Drexel: foundress, worked with Native Americans and African Americans, begain Xavier University in New Orleans. [image]

St. Rose Phillipine Duchesne: worked with Native Americans

Sts. Isaac Jogues, Jesuit priest and Rene Goupil, surgeon: French missionaries to Native Americans, killed in N.Y. state.

Bl. Mother Theodore Guerin: educator, established schools in Indiana

Bl. Francis Xavier Seelos: Redemptorist priest, preacher. "Father Seelos became known as the priest who always smiled..."See the Redemptorist biography.

Canadian Saints
 
This web site's home Parish Patrons: St. Gregory the Wonderworker, St. Yves, The Sacred Heart of Jesus
There is a calendar of saints from the Orthodox Church. An excellent discussion of saints in the Orthodox Church that is part of the teaching of the Orthodox Church which is presented by the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America.
[I give references to the Orthodox Church throughout this site on prayer. Some Catholics may wonder at this but should realize that we were united for the first thousand years of Christianity and they are "Sister Churches". In the recent document Dominus Jesus the vatican said: "The Churches which, while not existing in perfect communion with the Catholic Church, remain united to her by means of the closest bonds, that is, by apostolic succession and a valid Eucharist, are true particular Churches. Therefore, the Church of Christ is present and operative also in these Churches, even though they lack full communion with the Catholic Church..."
And the Second Vatican Council taught: "Catholics therefore are earnestly recommended to avail themselves of the spiritual riches of the Eastern Fathers which lift up the whole man to the contemplation of the divine.
The very rich liturgical and spiritual heritage of the Eastern Churches should be known, venerated, preserved and cherished by all. They must recognize that this is of supreme importance for the faithful preservation of the fullness of Christian tradition, and for bringing about reconciliation between Eastern and Western Christians."]
 
Mother Teresa: EWTN also has material on Mother Teresa. A tremendous amount of information is available at an entire web site for Mother Teresa sponsored by the Technisch Instituut Sint-Vincentius, a secondary school. Material is in English, French, and German. A photo tour of her work in Calcutta with the dying is available from John R. Stanmeyer. Check out the links at the Mining Co, the Mother Teresa Site at St. Anthony Messinger Press.
For a short simple introduction to various styles of prayer each developed and used successfully by saints, look for Lost In God by Terry Matz, published by Ligouri.
Click on the Icon for more on saints. AmericanCatholic.org: Saint of the Day

Mindfulness
From the Buddhist tradition, the art of focused breathing and meditation through mindfulness is described in The Miracle of Mindfulness by Thich Nhat Hanh, a Vietnamese monk living now in France. It is published by Beacon Press. The methods he describes can be very useful, as a prelude to more traditional Catholic prayer by getting rid of distractions, removing tension, and focusing our attention on God. This would be especially helpful for meditation, and contemplation.
See the section below on getting started which gives a brief description of how to use controlled breathing.

 

Another text by Thich Nhat Hanh, Peace is Every Step, published by Bantam Books, teaches the use of conscious breathing, and mindfulness of the present moment, as a way to find peace in each moment of life, to become peace, and thus sow peace. If you are interested in Thich Nhat Hanh, more about him can be found at Parallax Press. Remember that for Christian prayer controlled breathing and mindfulness are not ends unto themselves, but are optional methods to gain control of the mind and emotions, and help us to focus on God. It is a way to remove distractions, and "center" ourselves, to relieve anxiety and become aware of the present moment wherein we can meet God.
For those concerned about using controlled breathing in meditation, recall the scriptural symbolism of breath and wind.
1. God breathed into man the "breath of life". Gen. 2:7.
2. God's prophet prophesied and the breath of life and God's spirit came into dead dry bones. Ezek. 37:4-14 [especially verse 9].
3. The wind is God's servant. It is the vehicle he rides when he comes. 2 Sam. 22:11, Ps. 18:10, Ps. 104:3. Ezek. 1:4.
4. At the descent of the Holy Spirit on the Apostles, there was the sound of a great wind. Acts 2:2. See also, John 3:8, and footnote 4.
Thus when you consciously breath, you can envision God giving you the breath of life. Let it be the Holy Spirit coming into to you to fill you and remake you as it did the Apostles. See, Prayer and Blessing, a method, from the Anglican Communion.
"The term 'SPIRIT' translates the Hebrew word ruah, which, in its primary sense, means breath, air, WIND. Jesus indeed uses the sensory image of the WIND to suggest to Nicodemus the transcendent newness of him who is personally God's breath, the divine SPIRIT. [John 3:8]" Catechism of the Catholic Church, sec. 691.
"We must remember God more often than we draw breath." St. Gregory of Nazianzus, Catechism of the Catholic Church, sec. 2697. Perhaps we could remember God at least as often as we draw breath, as a start. The some teachers in the eastern tradition joined breath with the Jesus prayer in an effort to pray constantly.
"Join to every breath a sober invocation of the name of Jesus and the thought of death with humility. Both these practices bring great profit to the soul." Abba Evagrius on Prayer. See also Prayer without Ceasing. For using controlled breating in contemplation see the practise of the Prayer of the Heart, paragraph #2 under method entitled Sacred Breathing.
 

As to living in the present moment, and not worrying about the future, or desiring peace, these are very Christian ideals. Jesus says not to worry about tomorrow; each day has enough trouble of its own. Matt. 6:34. Jesus also said he wanted to give us peace and teaches we should not let our hearts be troubled. John 14:27. Yet many people do not feel peace. Perhaps we block this gift that Jesus wishes to give. Perhaps what is needed is to want the gift, pray for the gift, and to try to receive the gift. (cf. Rom 14:10; 1Pet. 3:1 or see generally what the new testament says on peace.)

"Yesterday is gone. Tomorrow has not yet come.
We have only today. Let us begin." Mother Teresa of Calcutta.

If you feel uncomfortable learning from a Buddhist monk, remember that the Second Vatican Council opened the door to cooperation with non-Catholic people, including non-christians. Review the document from Vatican II on relations with non-Christian people. It says: " Again, Buddhism, in its various forms, realizes the radical insufficiency of this changeable world; it teaches a way by which men, in a devout and confident spirit, may be able either to acquire the state of perfect liberation, or attain, by their own efforts or through higher help, supreme illumination..." The in the next paragraph it says: "The Catholic Church rejects nothing that is true and holy in the [non-Christian] religions. She regards with sincere reverence those ways of conduct and of life, those precepts and teachings which, though differing in many aspects from the ones she holds and sets forth, nonetheless often reflect a ray of that Truth which enlightens all men. ... The Church therefore, exhorts her sons, that through dialogue and collaboration with the followers of other religions,... they recognize, preserve and promote the good things, spiritual and moral, as well as the socio-cultural values found among these men." The Declaration on non-Christian Religions, promulgated by Pope Paul VI, sec. 2. (The recent Vatican Document Dominus Jesus does not negate what Vatican II taught or Pope Paul VI pormulgated. You can read Dominus Jesus at the Vatican web site.)

Another source of insight from various traditions is found in World Scripture. Note the sections on prayer and meditation. (In response to a concern from a reader that the World Scripture site is sponsored by the Unification Church to obtain converts, I asked the editor to comment. His reply.)

 
Scripture on Prayer

Ps. 141:2 Let my prayer be counted as incense before you, and the lifting up of my hands as an evening sacrifice. [Ps. 140 in the Douay-Rheims.]

Ps. 28:7 The LORD is my strength and my shield; in him my heart trusts; so I am helped, and my heart exults, and with my song I give thanks to him. [Ps. 27 in DR.]

 

1. Jesus himself prayed to his Father. He thanked God for having heard his prayer when he raised Lazarus (John 11:41). Jesus often when to a mountain to pray. [The mountain is a place of nearness to God. Palestine is hilly so Jesus would go to a hill top to find a quiet place to pray. In a mystical sense, God was "up" in the heavens to he would go up to God.] He would even pray all night as he did just before naming the Apostles ( Luke 6:12). We would follow his example and pray before a major decision that God would grant guidance. He also prayed after the feeding of 5,000 people ( Mark 6:4246). We would follow his example and pray in thanksgiving that God granted a request. He prayed before his crucifixion ( Matt. 26:36-39 ) and we should pray whenever we feel fear.

2. An essential ingredient of successful prayer is faith. If your read the miracle stories in the gospel, you will find that faith is often mentioned. When Jesus healed he often said your faith has healed you. Jesus strongly asserts the need for faith if prayer is to be effective when he says in Matt. 17:20 and 21:21 that faith can move mountains. While a mountain is a metaphor, we often have "mountains" in our lives that need moving. It is faith and prayer that helps us over come these problems.

Sometimes people feel they do not have that much faith and despair ever growing into that level of faith. And yet, according to 1 Cor. 12:9, faith is one of the gifts of the Holy Spirit. It is something we can ask God to give us. You could just ask "Lord grant me the gift of deep unshakable faith" or the faith to move mountains. One prayer I have used is: "grant me a gift of power in prayer for the sake of good". Nevertheless, Jesus did grant requests for people of weak faith; such was the case with the man who said "I believe, help my unbelief" (Mark 9:24). For stories on the power and action of God, see Walking on Water from the Resurrection House of Prayer.

3. Jesus promises that prayer will be granted in Matt. 21:22, and Matt. 7:7-12. Notice however that Jesus does not say that God would give what ever we ask. He says God will give good things. In Luke the promise is to give the Holy Spirit (Lk 11:13). Therefore, no matter what happens with our request, the one benefit that comes is greater involvement with God, and the growth of God's presence in us. In John 16:24 Jesus says we should ask in his name and if we do it will be granted. Why? That our joy may be complete.

Phil. 4:6 "Do not worry about anything, but in everything by prayer and supplication with thanksgiving let your requests be made known to God."

4. When prayer does not seem to be working, when we do not receive what we ask, recall that we must not ask wrongly, seeking merely our own pleasure (James 4:3), or passions as the RSV puts it.. John teaches that we receive what we ask if we keep the commandments (1John 3:22). Some sound advice comes down to us from the Desert Fathers, monks and hermits living in north Africa after about 300 AD.

 
"Abbe Zeno said, 'If a man wants God to hear his prayer quickly, then before he prays for anything else, even his own soul, when he stands and stretches out his hands towards God, he must pray with all his heart for his enemies. Through this action God will hear everything that he asks.'" See Matt. 5:44.
A good scriptural analysis of why prayer is not granted can be found at Unanswered Prayers: The Most Common Reasons, by Rev. Dale A. Robbins, M.Div. (who is ordained for the Assembly of God Church).
 
"The reason why sometimes you have asked and not received, is

because you have asked amiss, either inconsistently, or lightly, or

because you have asked for what was not good for you, or because

you have ceased asking." St. Basil, quoted from Daily E-Pistle Wednesday August 23, 2000.

 

5. St. John Vianney, the patron of parish priests, once confided to a young priest the secret of his success. He said it was both prayer and fasting. He went on to say that the devil can be beaten with the curtailment of one's food, drink and sleep. This is what helped him to save people from the power of sin. The scriptural reference is Mark 9:28: "And he said to them: This kind can go out by nothing, but by prayer and fasting." (Douay-Rheims version). (Most translations omit the word "fasting" in Mark 9:29, but acknowledge that it is in some manuscripts.) See these passages on fasting and prayer. See also, Matthew 17:20 on the importance of faith.

The fasting adds nothing to God, but demonstrates to us and God how serious our prayer is. Any christian sacrifice is a joining with the sacrifice of the Cross, and by joining our prayer to the Sacrifice of the Cross perhaps the power for good that was unleashed will help our prayer.
Restriction of food and drink has a very long tradition and is regularly recommended by ancient writers. Gregory of Sinai calls the belly the "queen of passions" and "the colleague of the demons". He suggests that "the practiser of silence [a monk or one who prays] should always be starved, never allowing himself to eat his fill." If he over eats he becomes drowsy and cannot pray "with purity and firmness". Translated by Kadloubovsky and Palmer, Writings from the Philokalia on Prayer of the Heart, Farber and Farber, pp.78-79. John Vianney would eat one or two boiled potatoes when he got too hungry.
"I shall speak first about control of the stomach, the opposite to gluttony, and about how to fast and what and how much to eat. I shall say nothing on my own account, but only what I have received from the Holy Fathers. They have not given us only a single rule for fasting or a single standard and measure for eating, because not everyone has the same strength; age, illness or delicacy of body create differences. But they have given us all a single goal: to avoid over-eating and the filling of our bellies... A clear rule for self-control handed down by the Fathers is this: stop eating while still hungry and do not continue until you are satisfied."
St. John Cassian in Sayings of The Fathers.

Modern people should not over do it. Be sure to have a balanced diet with all the necessary nutrients. The normal fast called for by the church during lent is one large meal, two small meals, and nothing between meals. Do not fast in a way that would be harmful to health or go against your doctor's advice. Remember that fasting is not appropriate on Sundays or one of the great feasts. However, if you have a prayer that concerns you, and you wish to make extra effort, fasting can be one way. In addition, fasting in Lent, as well as abstenance from meat, are excellent ways to do penance. So, if you feel guilty about something, even if forgiven, the Lord may be calling you to make up for it in some way. On possibility is fasting.

 
 

6. Jesus also taught that we should be persistent and not give up hope. (Luke 18:1)

This is especially important when our prayer seeks to change someone or get them to act in some way. God gave us free will and so he is self-limited. He will not over ride that free will. Instead, he can teach, encourage, cajole, even plead, but he will not force us to do something. Therefore, we need to be patient and persistent in our prayers. Remember that St. Augustine's mother, a saint herself, prayed for a long time for her son before he finally heard God and changed. I sometimes think that in the story of the persistent widow it is God who is the widow and the reluctant judge is the person we are praying for. God keeps trying to get him to do what is right and good, but he is stubborn. Never-the-less God's patience and persistence can win in the end. Our job is to keep praying while God keeps trying to solve the problem.

Also remember that God has a better sense of timing than we do. He knows when the right moment will come. There are bound to be factors operating that we know nothing about, negative consequences that could occur should God act at the wrong time. This is where faith in the sense of trust in God is essential. We must believe that He really does know what He is doing (or not doing).

7. St. Paul teaches us to rejoice always, pray without ceasing , and give thanks under all circumstances. 1Thes. 5:16-18. Paul also says we must not return evil for evil (1Thes. 5:15), and Jesus commands us to pray for our enemies (Matt. 5:44).

For much more extensive examples of scripture and prayer see Bible Passages on Prayer.

Giving thanks is very important in prayer. For example, the word "thanks" is used more than 35 times in the Psalms in the RSV. "Do not be anxious about anything, but in everything, by prayer and petition, with thanksgiving, present your requests to God." Philippians 4:6 (NIV). "Devote yourselves to prayer, being watchful and thankful." Col. 4:2 (NIV).

You can reviewe references to thankfulness in Naves [or look up: one of the ten lepers whom Jesus healed, Luke 17:15,16; and before taking food, by Jesus, Matt. 14:19; Mark 8:6,7; Acts 27:35.]
 

For an online Catholic translation of the bible, look and the New American Bible (NAB) or for another Catholic translation of the Bible, check out the Douay-Rheims version. You can also a look at the Latin Vulgate text or search for a passage in the Latin Vulgate at Bible Gateway. 

For non-Catholic translations of the bible, you can look at the WWW Bible Gateway. I'd recommend the RSV. (Back to contents?)
 Click on the image to see a larger version.
How to pray.
Catholics usually begin their prayers with The Sign of the Cross.
1. Liturgy. The mass and sacraments are the greatest prayers and are the essential public prayers used with the other members of the Body of Christ. However, our personal prayer life away from the liturgy will have a great effect on how much benefit we will receive from liturgy.
"A soul given to prayer profits more from the sacraments and other means of salvation than another whose prayer is without constancy and intensity. One may recite the Divine Office, assist at Holy Mass and receive the sacraments, but if the soul does not give itself faithfully to prayer its progress will often be mediocre." Blessed Columba Marmion, O.S.B.
A. The Mass and Sacraments are the official prayers of the Church. They are more than just public or officially mandated prayers. They are points of interaction with God. He is truely present and acting in specific ways. For example, in the sacrament of penance God forgives, in baptism He overcomes the separation caused by original sin and integrates a person into his people. In the Sacrament of the sick, He acts to heal spiritually, emotionally, and even physically.
The mass, however, is the normal public worship of the church in which He becomes genuinely, truely, even physically present, under the forms of bread and wine, in addition to being present in His Word and in the person of the priest who leads the community in worship. [CCC 1088] But that is not all, for the very events of salvation are made available to those worshiping. [See CCC 1363-1367.] Because of this all our prayer and "[a]ll other liturgical rites and all the works of the Christian life are linked with the eucharistic celebration, flow from it, and have it as their end." The General Instruction to the Roman Missal.
The Liturgy of the Eucharist and Sacrament are all forms of prayer and bring us the presence of God in a unique and powerful way. As the Second Vatican Council taught:
"Christ is always present to his Church, especially in the actions of the liturgy. He is present in the sacrifice of the Mass, in the person of the minister (it is the same Christ who formerly offered himself on the cross that now offers by the ministry of priests) and most of all under the eucharistic species [i.e. under the appearance of bread and wine]. He is present in the sacraments by his power, in such away that when someone baptizes, Christ himself baptizes. He is present in his word, for it is he himself who speaks when the holy Scriptures are read in the Church. Finally, he is present when the Church prays and sings, for he himself promised: Where two or three are gathered in my name, I am there in their midst.

Indeed, in this great work which gives perfect glory to God and brings holiness to men, Christ is always joining in partnership with himself his beloved Bride, the Church, which calls upon its Lord and through him gives worship to the eternal Father.

It is therefore right to see the liturgy as an exercise of the priestly office of Jesus Christ... Accordingly, every liturgical celebration, as an activity of Christ the priest and of his body, which is the Church, is a sacred action of a preeminent kind. No other action of the Church equals its title to power or its degree of effectiveness." Vatican II: Constitution on the Liturgy.
For more on liturgy you can look at The Sacrifice of the Mass, Catechesis, Meeting Christ in the Liturgy, Antiphon, a liturgical journal, or you can look through the links at the Theological Library , the Benedictine's Liturgy index, and the Resources for Catholic Educators, Liturgy. There is now a on-line copy of the General Instruction for the Roman Missal which states the rules each priest and parish must follow in its celebration of Eucharist. You can also check the MCITL Liturgy Library and Catholic Liturgy.com. For more on why to worship at mass, see: Power of the Mass . To prepare for mass, you can read the daily or Sunday lectionary selections at the NCCB/USCC site which uses the New American Bible.
AmericanCatholic.org: Lent Feature
See also Stations of the Cross below. Also for Lent, Penitential Practices for Today's Catholics.

B. The Liturgy of the Hours is a form of prayer dating back to the earliest history of the church. It consists primarily of scripture, especially the Psalms, and provides different material for several parts of the day, and it all changes daily. You cannot very easily get bored with repetition. This form of prayer has been used in Monasteries, and by clergy and religious, from ancient times down to the present day. It can be used by anyone. Link to Universalis to receive a better explanation and to find the Liturgy of the Hours for today. Look at the end of the Office of Readings for a non-scriptural text taken from church tradition. The General Instruction of the Liturgy of the Hours, an official document, is online. A good explanation of this prayer is found at Liturgy of the Hours site from the Archdiocese of New York, and you can view an outline of the structure of each hour. For those who would like to download the texts to use in family and group prayer, go to the Liturgy of the Hours Apostolate. The Grail translation of the Psalms is very good, and is used in the official Breviary. A good place to look is the Daily Office using the Anglican Book of Common Prayer. The page Prayer, the heart of Monastic Life gives insight into Benedictine approach to prayer. The liturgy of the hours uses the Psalms extensively so you may want to read over an introduction to the Psalms: The Psalms: The Prayer Book of God. See also
A shorter introduction to the Psalms is from My Daily Psalm Book,
a Prayer Guide for the Psalms, part one, and part two.
Table of Psalms for Feasts and Seasons (Lutheran).
Luther: Praying the Psalms
A Blessing Psalter (from the Orthodox).

 

2. Closely related to the use of the Liturgy of the Hours is Lectio Divina, which means divine or sacred reading. The goal is praying with scripture, learning how to savor the word of God, encountering God in His Word, and becoming changed by it. This is an important aspect of monastic spirituality. Useful material can be found at the Benedictine page About Lectio Divina. Look at the on line text, Lectio Divina And the Practice of Teresian Prayer by Sam Anthony Morello, OCD. He says:

 
"[L]ectio divina is prayer over the Scriptures. The monastics of the early
and medieval church developed this into a fine art.
The elements are four: 1) lectio itself, which means reading, understood
as the careful repetitious recitation of a short text of Scripture; 2)
meditatio or meditation, an effort to fathom the meaning of the text and
make it personally relevant to oneself in Christ; 3) oratio, which means
prayer, taken as a personal response to the text, asking for the grace
of the text or moving over it toward union with God; and 4)
contemplatio, translated contemplation, gazing at length on something.
The idea behind this final element is that sometimes, by the infused
grace of God, one is raised above meditation to a state of seeing or
experiencing the text as mystery and reality; one comes into
experiential contact with the One behind and beyond the text. It is an
exposure to the divine presence, to God's truth and benevolence."
(Copyright Washington Province of Discalced Carmelites, ICS Publications.
Permission is hereby granted for any non-commercial use, if this
copyright notice is included.)
For an explanation of the four elements mentioned above go to the chapter called Framework of Teresian Prayer where the above quote is found. Be sure to take a look at Carmelite Literature on the Internet.
There are articles on Lectio Divina at About Lexio Divina from the Order of St. Benedict. You can also try the Lection Divina Home page. For a very short and simple statement on how to use this method to get more out of scripture see Holy Reading from a Presbyterian Parish.
An extensive list of materials on the bible can be found at Bible Resources for Student and Public Use by Felix Just, SJ an assistant professor of New Testament Studies at Loyola Marymount University. Look at his page on the Lectionary for tables on lectionary readings and links to useful websites on the readings.
To find bible passages you can use for lectio divina, see The Parables of Jesus, The Miracles of Jesus, and a list of synoptic gospel parallels at Matthew, Mark and Luke. Also see the daily readings for mass at Readings from the National Conference of Catholic Bishops site.

For daily meditation and inspiration, there is a Verse of the Day online. You can see the lectionary readings using the NAB from the US Conference of Catholic Bishops. CIN (The Catholic Information Network) has the Daily Word Page along with some commentary on-line. There is the Catholic Calendar with lots of information on the day's liturgy; see also Sunday Homilies Catholic Scripture Study .You could also look at the daily verse and the monthly Johannine Hour at the Taize Community. Morning and Evening Prayers are available through episcopalnet.org.

 

3. As you saw above St. Paul teaches that we should pray constantly (I Thes. 5:17). There are a couple of ways to try to do this: the Prayer of the Heart, the suggestion in the side bar, or the prayer in #4 below. [See the Catechism of the Catholic Church, sec. 2757.]

Prayer of the Heart. " This simple invocation of faith [i.e. the repetition of the name of Jesus] developed in the tradition of prayer under many forms in East and West. The most usual formulation, transmitted by the spiritual writers of Sinai, Syria, and Mt. Athos, is the invocation, "Lord Jesus Christ, Son of God, have mercy on us sinners." It combines the Christological hymn of Philippians 2:6-11 with the cry of the publican and the blind men begging for light. By it the heart is opened to human wretchedness and the Savior's mercy. " Catechism of the Catholic Church, section 2667. "The invocation of the holy name of Jesus is the simplest way of praying always. " Sec. 2668. A good description of the Jesus Prayer and bibliography can be found at the St Vladimir's Seminary in the Article by Albert S. Rossi. Also an explanation can be found at the Jesus Prayer originally printed in Orthodox Life, and The Jesus Prayer. See also, Writings from the Philokalia on Prayer of the Heart, Farber & Farber. This is a true classic from the Orthodox Tradition. See, Prayer without Ceasing. Search for the Pholokalia at Amazon.com. For information on how Catholics value orthodox teaching see above.

"Those who have truly decided to serve the Lord God should practice
the remembrance of God and uninterrupted prayer to Jesus Christ,
mentally saying: Lord Jesus Christ, Son of God, have mercy on me,
a sinner." St. Seraphim of Sarov, Sayings of the Fathers.
 

[I have used this prayer often over the years. It is very good when you don't have something else to talk about. One variation I have used is to add a prayer intention, like: "Lord Jesus Christ have mercy on us sinners. Please heal and help Mom and Dad." You would then repeat this over and over. I have found it to be very effective when used with heart felt sincerity. As you repeat your prayer, conscious concern can become trust that God is listening and will act. This also complies with the Lord's command to be persistent and not give up hope. (Luke 18:1)] For additional links see the Jesus Prayer section of Prayer, Meditation and Contemplation.

4. A prayer used in the Western Tradition is: "O God come to my assistance, O Lord make haste to help me." This is said by everyone who prays the Liturgy of the Hours at the start of each hour.
Abba Issac, one of the Desert Fathers, said to St. John Cassian:
"The formula was given us by a few of the oldest fathers who remained. They communicated it only to a very few who were athirst for the true way. To maintain an unceasing recollection of God, this formula must be ever before you. The formula is this: 'O God, come to my assistance; O Lord, make haste to help me.' Cf Psalm 40:13 NIV. Ps 69:2 DR.
Rightly has this verse been selected from the whole Bible to serve this purpose. It suits every mood and temper of human nature, every temptation, every circumstance. It contains an invocation of God, an humble confession of faith, a reverent watchfulness, a meditation on human frailty, an act of confidence in God's response, an assurance of his ever-present support. The man who continually invokes God as his protector is aware that God is ever at hand.
I repeat: each one of us, whatever his condition in the spiritual life,
needs to use this verse." (Emphasis added.) Quoted by Basil Pennington in his book, Centering Prayer. For more of what Abba Isaac said relative to contemplation, see A Scriptural Prayer to aid prayer.
This icon and others was found at the Icon Archive, now the OCF Icon Archive.
Icon of Mary Mother of God5. For most traditional Catholics, the one method of prayer we were taught was the Rosary; however, more and more people do not know how to use this prayer. Historical material on the Rosary is at its entry in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopadia. You can learn how to pray the rosary for your personal devotion or to satisfy curiosity. Be sure to look at the Power of the Rosary, and review the papal documents on the Rosary, and Paul VI's Marialis Cultus; also look at the Cathechism's mention of the rosary. The Marian Magisterial Documents may also be useful. To assist you in this prayer, there is a downloadable Virtual Rosary with all the prayers in proper order with an image to help with meditation on the proper mystery of the Rosary. (They have programs for Windows, Mac, and Palm Pilot.) For those who think the rosary is only a pre-Vatican II prayer form look at the Rosary Since Vatican II. Pope John Paul II urges the use of the rosary as a prayer for peace. Also be sure to look at the Holy Father's new document on the Rosary, Rosarium Virginis Marić, which includes his suggestion of the new mysteries of light. For a large list of links on the Rosary see Rosary Links.
The Rosary is on our site with explanation, meditations and additional prayers from the Key Of Heaven (a 1906 prayer book).
Bible Passages on Mary, the Mother of God.
Be sure to look at the Popular Devotions Page of the Theological Library. For background information on the use of beads in prayer see the Catholic Encyclopedia entry. A nontraditional form of the rosary is the Ecumenical Rosary which has non-Catholic Christians in mind, a Christ centered approach. Also, there is a Scriptural Rosary. See the Vatican II statement on popular devotions.
Fifteen promises to those who recite the rosary.
[The editor would like to introduce a note of caution. A popular devotion is something that is not required for salvation, even if recommended by Mary in an apparition such as Fatima, but it can be encouraged as very beneficial. Also, a number of possible appearances of Mary that have occurred, however they are not all approved, and not all "messages" are to be considered genuine. Even those that have approval are private revelation and not required for Cathollic faith. See the Catholic Catechism sec. 67. To discover if an appearance and its messages are regarded as genuine contact your own Diocesan officials, or the Bishop within whose Diocese the purported apparition occurred.]
6. Sometimes people like to use prayers already composed. Perhaps, they can better say what we want to say to God, or at times when we are insecure about what to say it is a place to start. Be sure to consider the Lord's Prayer. You can see an description of traditional daily Catholic prayers on our site or see Catholic Prayers which has a large number of prayers. (They also have a long list of catholic pages), Prayer at the Diocese of San Jose, or the prayers from Et Cum Spiritu. The prayers given by the Monks of Adoration, the prayers of St. Francis, a treasury of Latin Prayers, The Enchiridion of Indulgences 1968, and the Catholic Online Prayer Menu. Look at articles on Prayer, the Prayers in Times of Trial and Notes from Lovers of the Lord. There are some basic prayers at our page on specific morning prayers. You can look at some prayers from the Orthodox tradition, and an interesting use of the psalms for specific intentions in the Blessing Psalter. The Anglican Church Book of Common Prayer and the Book of Common Prayer main page may be helpful. Of commercial prayer books, one that is worth considering is The Catholic Prayer Book, compiled by Msgr. Michael Buckley and published by Servant Books, P.O. Box 8617, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
"So, when you don't know how to go on, when it feels as if your fire is dying out and you can't throw fragrant logs on it, throw on the branches and twigs of short vocal prayers, of ejaculations, to keep feeding the blaze. And you will have used the time well." St. Josemaria Escriva, The Way, Sinag-Tala Publishers (1994)p. 21. ["Ejaculation" here means: "A sudden, short exclamation, especially a brief, pious utterance or prayer." American Heritage Dictionary.] Click here for examples.

Another traditional prayer Catholics have used is the Stations of the Cross. It was a way for ordinary people to engage in "pilgrimage", to walk the path Jesus walked to Calvary. The Way of the Cross or the Stations of the Cross are explained at New Advent entry taken from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia. (Caution: although the history is probably ok, because this article is from 1913, it is background only. This devotion is encouraged by indulgences. See our page on Indulgences or The Enchiridion of Indulgences.) There are Stations of the Cross - Scriptural Version, The Way of the Cross with prayers by Msgr Romano Guardini, the Passionist Research center way of tte Cross, and I would strongly recommend the Via Crucis, the Stations of the Cross in Jerusalem.

 

 

The Stations of the Cross (frames) with fine art and several sets of prayers is on our site and Way of the Cross with black and white graphics and no frames. (This one is from an old prayer book, the Key of Heaven.)

 

For today, a good way to profit from this traditional devotion is through meditation. Specifically, use your imagination to be present as Christ walks to Calvary. See yourself as a participant, rather than merely an observer. You can even take the role of Christ in your meditation to feel and experience what he went through for us. (For more on how to meditate see Meditation below.)


A litany is another type of composed prayer. For a description, a short history as well as a list of approved litanies, see our page, Litanies Described and Explaned. Using the name of God has always been thought to be powerful. We could easily call on the name of Jesus by using the litany of the Holy Name. For example, "Jesus, Son of the living God, have mercy on us" and "Jesus, splendor of the Father, have mercy on us" are two of the petitions in this litany.

The Jews so revered God's name that they would almost never utter it, except for the High Priest, and then only in prayer. Jesus called God our Father and so it is easy to call on him using this name. However, when I am serious about a prayer I sometimes do call on the English translation of the name of God, given to Moses: "I am who am." Thus you could say: "You Who Are, I respectfully ask..." I would not suggest anyone do this lightly or frivolously.
Devotion and use of the name of Jesus however, has always been encouraged. For more on the use of the name, including some quotes from saints and scripture see the Power of the Name of Jesus.
In the litany of the saints, used in the Easter Vigil liturgy, we call on a long series of saints to pray for us. This particular litnay is very ancient; it began with the martyrs in the catacombs. If you want to personalize a litany, or make it more specific, replace the "have mercy on us" with your prayer intention or need. With the litany of saints, you could say: "St. John, please pray for Cliff's health". Add your own favorite saints, if they are not in the litany, and some of the new ones recently canonized. There are other traditional litanies, such as the Litany of the Passion. For more litanies for private use see the E-book of 27 litanies. You could also try the litany of the Sacred Heart. For more on the Sacred Heart see our page on this Devotion.

7. Something suggested in the Catechism of the Catholic Church is a place set aside for prayer in the home. It can be a "prayer corner" with Sacred Scripture, and with an icon or statue, in order for the one praying to be there in secret with our Father. (Matt. 6:6 "But whenever you pray, go into your room and shut the door and pray to your Father who is in secret; and your Father who sees in secret will reward you."NRSV) See the Catechism of the Catholic Church at sec. 2691, paragraph 2, guides to prayer. You can also add candles and incense. These items cause some Christians to be nervous, but they have long been a part of the Roman Catholic and Orthodox traditions. See, The Council of Nicaea (7th Ecumenical,787 AD) It says that art depicting Jesus and the saints is permitted. "We [the council bishops], therefore, define with all certitude and accuracy that just as the figure of the precious and life-giving Cross, so also the venerable and holy images, as well in painting and mosaic as of other fit materials, should be set forth in the holy churches of God... [To these we can add] the Book of the Gospels and to the other holy objects,incense and lights may be offered according to ancient pious custom. For the honor which is paid to the image passes on to that which the image represents, and he who reveres the image reveres in it the subject represented... " (Emphasis added). Look at the Council of Trent's declaration on veneration of images and for more on this see our page on Catholic Tradition and Teaching on Religous Art and the Apostolic letter by Pope John Paul II on Veneration of Holy Images. Icon of Christ

This icon was obtained from The Icon Archive, now the OCF Icon Archive. See the image of Jesus at Mt. Ibiron, which is one of the monasteries at Mt. Athos, and the explanation of Ukrainian icon painting with examples at the Icon Gallery from Christus Rex. Other locations: Orthodox Icons, and a large file of Russian Icons. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. has some icons, for example the Head of Christ. You might also look at the Byzantine Catholic Church in America home page. Byzantine Catholics are united with the Pope and fully catholic but not members of the Roman Rite. Therefore, their liturgy and customs often differ, but we do not differ in matters of the faith. However, our Orthodox brothers and sisters are not fully united with us at the moment even though very little separates us from full communion. You can learn more at the Orthodox home page. Additional places with Icons can be found at Orthodox Worldlinks.

7. Prayer in a natural environment can be very helpful. Pope John Paul has said: "We can pray perfectly when we are out in the mountains or on a lake and we feel at one with nature. Nature speaks for us or rather speaks to us. We pray perfectly." See, John Paul II, The Way of Prayer, Crossroad Publishing Co. (1995). St. John Vianney early in his ministry would take walks to exercise and to pray. He thirsted for solitude and peace and loved the fresh breeze of the open country. It has been said that his happiness was to pray in the woods were alone with God he would contemplate the divine greatness. He even the song of birds would help raise h